Writing for the English Major Posting 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing for the English Major Posting 8 - Essay Example The other idea that might be explored with regards to this topic is about the real existence of Jesus. It is worth researching on the reality of seeing the â€Å"light† and something happening inside a person when he meets Jesus. Another idea that might be explored is the honesty of the people in the Church who swear that they see, feel and hear Jesus. Whether they really experience this is something questionable. It is very possible that the others too are like Westley who just pretended to have the â€Å"experience† just to get it over with. I believe that salvation is a unique experience for every individual. It need not necessarily happen inside the Church where a lot of people are watching and waiting for the time when one exclaims that he has finally been saved. Salvation is not something which should be displayed in public. It is an experience between you and your God; otherwise, one might just act it up to impress all the people

Those Most Nearly Touched Essay Example for Free

Those Most Nearly Touched Essay One of the most influential critics of the social problems in American history was Civil Rights spokesperson W. E. B. DuBois, who believed that Honest and earnest criticism from those whose interests are most nearly touchedcriticism of writers by readers, of government by those governed, of leaders by those ledthis is the soul of democracy and the safeguard of modern society. One of the leading vehicles of such criticism since the beginning of the United States of America was literature. Like Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin, American literature molded its history by changing social perspectives with authors voices. Stowes character changed popular American societys views on the morality of permanent servitude, and other writers have introduced new views into mainstream thought by providing social criticism of their generations through characters perspectives. Three such writers were Stephen Crane, Flannery OConnor, and Hunter S. Thompson. Cranes criticism of the nature of war, OConnors criticism of gender, racism and religion, and Thompsons criticism of the deterioration of American values were all voices of American generations and essential elements of the evolution of modern American society. Stephen Cranes The Red Badge of Courage was a novel that exploited an underlying irony of the nature of the American Civil War and war itself, as it was the first non-romantic novel of the Civil War to attain widespread popularity. Rather than depicting soldiers fighting for some noble and important cause, like literature of the American Revolution, Crane painted what seemed to be loosely cohering incidents that demystified and reshaped his generations views on warfare. War was not dignified; it was hard stuff. Men ran away howling. Bodies were strewn and torn. War, went the cliche, was hell. Crane created characters and scenes that highlighted the problems of his Americas popular opinion of war for those whose interests are most nearly touched. In Cranes novel, those people were the innocent young soldiers who were thrown into hell and bestowed with responsibilities and expectations of highly immoral standards. He showed his generation and generations of Americans to come the horrors and the true nature of war. By exposing the fears and inner thoughts of Henry Fleming in his new environments, Crane introduced America to the harsh reality that the blue and the gray honestly dont ever seem too entirely certain why theyre fighting each other. These were merely young men killing each other without really understanding the reason. Crane allowed America to understand the point of view of an innocent thrown into chaos. By doing so, he changed the previously romantic, chivalrous perception of war, and altered it into modern societys idea of war and appreciation of peace. The short stories of Flannery OConnor were also vehicles for social criticism of some problems of her generation, such as gender roles, sin, and racial relations. OConnors stories, written in the late 1940s and 1950s, were hard-hitting writings with a sense of deep despair as to the condition of the society that they described. She grotesquely illustrated the pre-Civil Rights racism problems present in her story Everything that Rises Must Converge. The story, which described a conflict of interest between Julian and his racist mother on a newly de-segregated bus, allowed its reader to realize in the end that both characters were wrong. The mother was ignorant for being racist and living in her own perfect world of sacrifice, while Julian was ignorant for blaming his mother for his place in life and for seeming to only take the side of the black people in the story just to prove her ignorance. In this sense, the ignorance in the story was met with a dose of poetic justice. Julians mother died, while he will be guilty for the remainder of his unhappy life. Another element of her society that OConnor criticized with her literature was its lack of true religious virtue and moral substance. She used multiple Christian elements to ironically sustain internally conflicting characters like Julian, Ruby in Revelation, and Parker in Parkers Back. Religious symbolism pervaded OConnors stories, like the hot breath of the burning tree that Parker met after his tractor accident, which was like the bush that Moses found. The tattoos that adorn Parkers body were absolutely symbolical of OConnors idea of her Americas moral fiber, like the tattoo of Jesus Christ on his back, where he would never see it. The tattoo of a serpent evoked thoughts of the devil in the Garden of Eden. OConnor frequently made use of the religious epiphany, or revelation, in her stories. In Revelation, Ruby experienced an epiphany at the end in the pig parlor as a result of the events that occurred in the doctors office with Mary Grace. Ruby witnessed A visionary light in her eyes; she saw the streak as a vast swinging bridge extending upward from the earth through a field of living fire. Upon it a vaste horde of souls were running towards heaven. In Parkers Back, Parkers conversion was one element of revelation in the story, but the real revelation occurred outside the bar in the alley when Parker contemplated his life. In The Lame Shall Enter First, Nortons father experiences a horrific revelation when he entered the attic at the conclusion of the story. He realized that he had stuffed his own emptiness with good works like a glutton, and had completely ignored the emotional needs of his own son. This fickleness and moral ignorance indicated a strong lack of true religious piety present in her society. Perhaps OConnors greatest legacy to the world of literature and social commentary was her contribution to the widespread perception of gender roles in her American society. Stories like The Life You Save May Be Your Own gave a generation of readers a new perspective on life as a woman in rural America. The grotesque nature of it and OConnors other stories made the message that she conveyed to society particularly sharp-edged. Her criticisms of her societys problems with gender and race relations, and the value of religion, were pungent and effective vehicles of change that molded American mindset in more ways than one. The late Hunter S. Thompson was a third American author that affected a generation with his ? no holds barred journalistic approach to fiction and social criticism. Thompsons underlying criticism was much like Cranes a century earlier. Thompson wondered the point in fighting -on our side or theirs, a sentiment common of to his generation that would not have manifested if Cranes ideas had not. Thompson also criticized the counter-culture created by the Peace and Understanding attained by the chaotic ? baby-boomer rebellion that began in the 1950s and crested in the 1960s. He was not opposed to the increasingly common use of mind-altering drugs as much as he was disappointed in his societys failure to sustain the peace and understanding. Thompson notes, Their loss and failure is ours, too. What (Timothy) Leary took down with him was the central illusion of a whole life-style that he helped to create a generation of permanent cripples, [and] failed seekers. By criticizing the drug culture as a user, Thompson embodied the hypocrisy of the generation that he portrayed. Perhaps he represented drug use as getting rid of the pain of being a man just as well as Richard Nixon represented ? that dark venal, and incurably violent side of the American character. One thing was for certain, that Thompson embodied the changing moral aptitude of America. His society liberalized taboo or immoral topics into mainstream culture like the widespread use of drugs and sex. The proponents of these changes were names such as Hugh Hefner, Larry Flynt, Cheech and Chong, and Tim Leary. To many, these values, or loss thereof, represented a loss that Thompson termed more decisively as the death of the American Dream. Neither peace nor morality was prevalent in Thompsons era or modern Americas. In this sense, Thompson merely chronicles the changes as he claimed, as a ? gonzo journalist. However, his descriptions were certainly eloquent and meaningful enough to open the eyes of generations following to the realities and perspectives that occurred in the midst of the chaos of his generation. Stephen Crane, Flannery OConnor, and Hunter S. Thompson were three American authors who significantly altered the course of American history with the social criticism present in the perspectives of characters in their literature. Whether the heart of their intended critique on society was gender, religion, race, or war, these writers molded their respective generations and subsequent generation with their voices. They each contributed to the American society that they criticized with their criticism, the soul of democracy and the safeguard of modern society. Works Cited Crane, Stephen. The Red Badge of Courage. New York: The Modern Library, 1951. OConnor, Flannery. The Complete Stories. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1971. Thompson, Hunter S. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. New York: Random House, 1971. Schwartz, Stephen. The End Of The Counter-Culture. The Weekly Standard, 22 February 2005. Davidson, Andy. University of Mississippi English 224 Angel Online class notes.

A Good Man is Hard to Find Essay -- essays papers

A Good Man is Hard to Find I firmly believe that people reap what they sew. In the story, â€Å" A Good Man Is Hard to Find,† the grand mother is a prime example of this scenario. Her pathetic ploys and acts of deviance cause harm to the family throughout the story and it ends up coming back to her in the end. You can tell that harms is inevitable for the family by some of the clues that are found in the grandmother’s behavior. For example, in the opening paragraph of the story, she is complaining perversely for the family to go on vacation in East Tennessee instead of Florida. The rest of the family wants to go to Florida but yet she is determined for them to do as she says. I believe that this is an early indication as to what kind of person she is. As they were leaving their home, she snuk a cat in a black valise into the car. The family didn’t want to arrive at a hotel with a cat so they told her not to bring it. Being the deviant person she is, she brought it anyway without them knowing. This would later come back to haunt the family later on in the story. Why would you do something like that when family members specifically told you not to. The grandmother was also a nagging person. She could get on your very last nerve. When her son Bailey was driving down the road, she persistently reminded him of the speed limit. â€Å" The speed limit was fifty-five miles an hour and the patrol man hide behind the billboards and small clumps of trees and they ...

Refutation: The Story of Bigger Thomas ( Native Son ) :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Darryl Pinckney’s discerning critical essay, â€Å"Richard Wright: The Unnatural History of a Native Son,† Pinckney states that all of Wright’s books contain the themes of violence, inhumanity, rage, and fear. Wright writes about these themes because he expresses, in his books, his convictions about his own struggles with racial oppression, the â€Å"brutal realities of his early life.† Pinckney claims that Wright’s works are unique for Wright’s works did not attempt to incite whites to acknowledge blacks. Wright does not write to preach that blacks are equal to whites. The characters in Wright’s works, including Bigger Thomas from Native Son, are not all pure in heart; the characters have psychological burdens and act upon their burdens. For instance, Bigger Thomas, long under racial oppression, accidentally suffocates Mary Dalton in her room for fear that he will be discriminated against and charged with the r ape of Mary Dalton. Also, according to Pinckney, although the characters of Wright’s books are under these psychological burdens, they always have â€Å"futile hopes [and] desires.† At the end of Native Son, Bigger is enlightened by the way his lawyer Max treats him, with the respect of a human being. Bigger then desires nothing but to live, but he has been sentenced to death. Although Pinckney expresses many strong points in his critical essay, he also reveals weak points. For example, Pinckney mentions that Wright is neither a black leader such as Malcolm X nor a writer with any strong background in American literature, yet Pinckney implicitly states that Wright is a great writer and that one must analyze his past to understand how he is a great writer. In that perspective, he also commends Wright’s book, Native Son. He states: Native Son is unmatched in its power†¦It is not true as Baldwin claims that Bigger Thomas, the doomed, frustrated black boy, is just another stereotype†¦extreme in his wish to injure himself and do injury to others†¦ Pinckney praises Native Son as a powerful intellectual book that deals with issues of racism and oppression. He says explicitly that it is the most powerful book, but it is unclear what domain of books Pinckney is comparing Native Son with. Pinckney refutes James Baldwin’s statement about Native Son, saying that Bigger Thomas is not a mere stereotype, but an example of a stressed black boy of the racially segregated American society during the 1930s. It is true that Bigger Thomas is a victim of a racially segregated society.

Differnce Between Online and Physical Shopping

Introduction Online shopping or online retailing is a form of electronic commerce whereby consumers directly buy goods or services from a seller over the Internet without an intermediary service. An online shop, eshop, e-store, Internet shop, webshop, webstore, online store, or virtual store evokes the physical analogy of buying products or services at a bricks-and-mortar retailer or shopping centre As we know that online shopping is the easy way shopping but also there are certain advantages as well as disadvantages.To overcome the technological challenges as well as global challenges most of the business organizations are running towards ecommerce or e-business. For the shopping of the two items I choose malla emporium and muncha. com to buy Saree and amazon. com and GS electronics to buy watch. While going to shopping I was unknown that what kind of saree to buy so I went in muncha. com for online shopping of saree . There I got different types of saree which can fulfill my requir ement. So I choose chiffon saree with blouse set. After then I moved to malla emporium for shopping of same that type of saree.There they show almost all kind of saree but I couldn’t find the saree like that which I got in muncha. It was so difficult to select saree and quality of it and while selecting there is a loss of time also but while doing by online it was easy and less time consuming. Another good that I would like to buy was watch. For watch I went to amazon. com which is a much known online business site. When I moved to amazon. com I was confused that which kind of watch I should buy. So I search watch at first then I saw titan watch which I like very much so I select that.To buy watch I went to GS electronics where there is showroom of watch. There I looked for the same watch but it was too difficult. I got titan watch but I couldn’t get the same one and the price rate was so different. 2. Shopping Comparison between Online and Physically In this world hum an being always prefer change. And by keeping in view this thing, there is another drastic change we see in shopping. Now a day we saw two types of shopping. The first is done by physically and the second is done by online. Attributes of shopping modes CharacteristicsAttributes Physical Shopping Online Shopping Information/Gathering ShoppingTravel cost- When I go to malla emporium for shopping there is a requirement of travel cost. No travel cost- While I do shopping through ebay, travel cost is not required. I can get a service in one click. Travel time- In the physically shopping we’ve to reach upto that store so there is loss of time. No travel time- As we do shopping by online then we can do shopping by one click in our home itself so time will be saved. More shopping fun- person have different view point.So while doing shopping physically we can enjoy. Less shopping fun- Online shopping is done by one click staying at a place so it’s not so fun. Less information c ertainity- That’s not sure that every shopkeeper tells the truth about the product so we cannot get full information about the product. More information certainity- We can get the real information that we want about the products in online shopping. Purchase/ TransactionHigher Purchase Price- When we do shopping by physically we’ve to charge high price because there is hidden cost like rental, inventory, labor cost.Lower purchase price- Online shopping help us to get a services in a reasonable price then physically shopping. Less distrust feelings caused by transactions. More distrust feelings caused by transactions. Transactions are mostly made by cash but in some place there are used of visa, debit cards. Transactions only occurred through master cards, credit cards, visa, debit card. Delivery timeNo delivery time- We can get the services by hand to hand so no delivery time is required.Delivery time- While doing shopping through online there is requirement of time for delivering of goods to us. Less inconvenience caused by delivery. More inconvenience caused by delivery. 3. Conclusion/ Recommendation Based on the project leading individuals to reallocate their time and money resources, this study examined the time and cost attributes of shopping modes, and explored the tradeoff between these two attributes, i. e. , the value of time, by assuming that consumers were faced with a shopping mode choice between physical store shopping and e-shopping.The final estimated value of time include two types: the value of travel time to shopping places, physical stores as far as this study concerned, and the value of waiting time for the delivery of purchased products. Of course consumers’ concern toward e-shopping is not only about time and cost. Some psychological aspects, such as information uncertainty and transaction security, have been playing an important role in dominating consumers’ e-shopping behavior, and have been even more widely d iscussed in the literature.However, ecommerce continues to advance, in speed and security in particular, it is generally believed that online information will be to a great extent improving both in quantity and quality in the near future. By that time, consumers’ negative perceptions towards e-shopping, such as information uncertainty and transaction security, may fade away. If this is going to be true, then consumers’ psychological concern over e-shopping may gradually be disappearing in the future. On the other hand, the economic concern over the travel problem; i. . , travel time and travel cost, about physical store shopping, and product delivery problem about e-shopping will ever exist. This makes the value of travel time is more costly then the value of delivery time, this study estimates worth noting. Moreover, this study also found that purchasing online to save travel time and travel cost, which is worth more for avoiding a shopping trip can be very inviting t o consumers, even though it is at the cost of waiting for a delivery of purchased products, which is worth an average monetary value.While delivering goods there arises problem. Delivery charge differs according to the goods. First, the value of product delivery time seems to highly depend on the types of products consumers shop and purchase. After all, waiting for a delivery of saree may take more time which I need for the especial party and also while delivering watch also takes time which I had to gift for the birthday f my brother.But also this delivery time is reduce by this online business sites according to the products. According to this project I come to know that online shopping is better for shopping rather than physically shopping because there is saving of time, money and we can get the more information about the products and services which we don’t get from the physically shopping. In the case of security there is strict rules and regulations which help us to ge t the product safely.

Writing Styles How to Find Yours With Writing Style Examples

Writing Styles How to Find Yours With Writing Style Examples Writing Styles: How to Find Yours With Writing Style Examples Writing styles as authors can differ from person to person. As a writer, you have a gift of creativity in using your art as something that can elicit feelings. Writing a book may make people laugh, take people on a journey or fill them with knowledge. Writing is and can be an art form if you use it to express yourself and learn the art of doing it well. Most writers will find themselves falling into a specific style of writing. That could be writing poetry, non-fiction, writing a novel, children’s literature or even screenplays. This will usually happen around your interests, your education, knowledge of writing and the books you read. Heres what youll learn about writing styles: What is writing style?Types of writing stylesWriting styles examplesHow to find your writing styleRead a lot to find your writing styleBe honest about yourselfWrite what comes with easeExpress yourself to show your writing style NOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it here What is writing style? Your writing style is the way in which the narrative of your writing comes across to other readers, including your sentence structure, syntax, and overall voice in order to provide your writing with an overall tone or mood. Each writer has their own, natural style and this can change from project to project. However, you may find that certain authors typically maintain a cohesive writing style. Essentially, an authors writing style can be recognized from work to work. Types of Writing Styles There are a few different ways to think of writing styles as an author. Firstly, you have your personal writing style as an author, which is what we explained above; its the specific way your writing reads. Here are some examples of how an authors writing style may vary: Wordiness How much your narrative uses longer, run-on sentences versus short and choppy ones.Syntax The structure of your sentences, the emphasis, pauses, word order and general style of writing typical sentences.Word choice This can mean swearing or not, using more complex words versus simpler ones, and more. The word choice in your writing style can help readers understand the perspective of the narration.Tone The tone in writing is like the attitude the author has toward a subject matter. If they dislike something, the tone could be short and negative, the opposite if they enjoy what theyre writing about.Mood The mood differs from tone because its the overarching feeling readers take away through the writing. The mood can be altered through the use of tone, word choice, and other literary devices. However, writing style also refers to the intent of what youre writing. Here are the 4 main writing styles: Expository Writing This is the most common type of writing. This blog post is an example of expository writing, as Im explaining a concept and providing information. However, expository writing often doesnt include the authors opinions.Descriptive Writing Youll most often find descriptive writing in fiction (and creative non-fiction too!), as its when authors write in a more descriptive style, creating more of a visual rather than just relaying facts.Persuasive Writing This writing style is mostly used in order to persuade others to take some sort of action and includes cover letters, reviews, advertisements, web copy, and more. The goal is to convince the readers of something one way or another.Narrative Writing This type of writing style is usually exclusive to fiction and is when the writer is constructing a story and plot by using descriptive writing to help you visualize it. These different writing styles arent typically exclusive to one project. You can use various of them in a single work, which is often what books are. Well cover some specific examples to help you understand further below. Writing Style Examples Sometimes its easier to understand through examples than just simply reading a definition. Here are some examples of the different types of writing style to help you get the gist for understanding what writing style is and how you can use that to adapt and create your own. Expository Writing Style Examples: As stated above, expository writing is the most common type and basically just relays necessary information. Here are some examples of expository writing: TextbooksRecipesHow-tosInstructions Technical writingBusiness writingScientific writing Descriptive Writing Style Examples: You can write in a number of different ways with descriptive writing. Even expository writing can include descriptive within it. Here are examples of descriptive writing: Fiction novelsPlaysSongs PoetryJournaling or DiariesNature/Animal descriptions Persuasive Writing Style Examples: Remember when you had to write a persuasive essay in school in order to learn how to make an argument? Thats what persuasive writing is. You want your readers to leave agreeing with you on some matter. Here are examples of persuasive writing: Resumà ¨sCover LettersProduct/service reviewsLetters of recommendation Newspaper articlesAdvertisementsWebsite sales copyLetters of complaint Narrative Writing Style Examples: When you think of books, theyll typically fall under this writing style. If youre trying to discover your personal writing style, youll likely be writing in the narrative style. Here are examples of narrative writing styles: Short storiesNovelsPoetry AnecdotesOral historiesNovellas This writing style is the type were really going to focus on in this next section all about how to develop your own writing style and find your natural flow as a writer. How to Find Your Writing Style I myself, like to write in two different styles to express who I am as a person and access my creativity. For these two styles, I actually own two separate blogs; one on travel parenting and one on my faith. My travel/parenting blog allows me to express myself with humor. This allows parents to identify with me by seeing the lighter side of parenting. My faith blog is a more serious destination where readers can come to learn more about the bible. I enjoy writing in both styles. The two blogs allow me to enjoy these writing styles without confusing my readers. So how do you, as a writer, find your place in the writing world and develop a writing style that suits you? Here a four ways that you can find and develop your own writing style: #1 Read a lot Why is reading so important? Reading allows you to learn from other people’s knowledge and lets you immerse in their world. It allows you to develop your own writing style. Reading other people’s work will influence your own writing. This is because we tend to write in a similar way to what we read on a regular basis. If you aren’t currently reading every day I would encourage you to do so. Find something that interests you and start reading, whether it be in a book, via a website, or another place. Make it a daily habit to spend at least half an hour devouring someone else’s work. As you read more and more, your own style of writing will deepen. It will develop based on your own experiences and the influences you have had. You can broaden your own horizons as an author by reading various styles of writing. Reading will show you new ways of wording sentences and creative ideas you hadnt thought of. #2 Be honest to who you are When you write, remember to stay true to who you are. Writing is an art-form that allows you to express yourself from within. Trying to be someone you are not will hinder your writing journey, not help it. When I say be honest with who you are, I mean staying true to yourself. This will include your own values, your beliefs, your feelings and who you are as a person. Trying to write a comedic piece when you dont usually use humor will be difficult and often not read well. This is because you may be forcing this writing and the piece will not flow. When you write something that is not from who you are, it can confuse your reader. This is because it will be difficult to sustain your voice as a writer. When your style changes or doesnt flow well, it makes it harder for the reader to identify who you are. As a result they may not want to read more of your work. When you writes from within, the reader is able to see parts of who you are as a person and can get to know you better. I read a book a while back on business growth. It was a good book and I learnt a lot from it. As a result I then followed the author and starting reading her other books. Shortly after this she changed styles. The trend at that time was beginning to bring in swear words to make someone seem †kick ass†. This author jumped on that trend and began swearing through all her books. I don’t mean one or two swear words dispersed throughout. One of her books had so many swear words in it that her book would have been several pages shorter if she had left them out. This writer delighted in telling her readers that this particular book had only taken her four hours to write. The problem was you could tell that it didnt have the flow or content of her other books. It felt forced and more as if she created it to make money rather than give to the reader. To me as a reader I felt like she was trying to be someone she wasn’t and I lost interest in her work and didn’t bother after that. It felt a bit sad because she had some good information to share but appeared to lose sight of who she was as a writer. When you write from who you are you will not need to change your style part way through. Find your own style of writing and own it! #3 Write what comes with ease Writing as part of who you are should come to you naturally and not feel weird or be a huge struggle. You may have times that you feel like you have writer’s block, or struggle to come up with what you want to say but this shouldnt be the norm. If you find that writing in general is difficult it could be for several reasons: You have not created a writing habit to allow it to flow for youYou are lacking in inspiration for your topicYou are not writing in a style that is true to you If you have created a proper writing habit and you are stuck, try getting inspiration. This could mean reading other forms of writing to refresh you or taking a break from writing. A half hour walk while you listen to music may be all it takes to put you back on track. If you are still struggling, then chances are, you are not writing in a style that is congruent to who you are. #4 Express yourself naturally I’m an extrovert and I thrive from the people in my life who I spend time with. As you can tell I love to use a conversational writing style when I put pen to paper. For me it feels like I am able to share my thoughts and feelings with someone like I would if they were sitting next to me. That style of writing comes naturally to me and flows easily. When you write, choose a style that allows you to express yourself. That may be in expressing yourself through creative writing, allowing the poet in you to come alive or sharing your life experiences in a helpful how-to form. Whatever it is, it should leave you feeling like you have shared what you want to. You should feel energized and excited about your work, not drained and struggling to create more. Once you have found your style the only other thing you can do is write, write, and keep writing. The more you write, the easier it will come to you and the better you will become at expressing yourself through your words. You have a gift to write and you need to use it to share your message with the world. Today plan your daily habit of reading and writing and watch your life grow and move you to the next level of your writing career. Are you ready to find your style and finish your book? If youre ready to discover your writing style in your newest book, let us help you get it done better and faster With your FREE training!

The Strengths and Weaknesses of Classical Criminology Essays

The Strengths and Weaknesses of Classical Criminology Essays The Strengths and Weaknesses of Classical Criminology Paper The Strengths and Weaknesses of Classical Criminology Paper The development of the Classical theory was at a time where society was experiencing vast changes with the movement from feudalism to that of capitalism. This substantial transition took place in the 18th Century or Renaissance period where views and attitudes on religion were being challenged. Due to the influence of religion upon society at the time the challenge that it faced deeply affected society, including that of attitudes to crime. Feudalism was based upon repression with the majority of power, wealth and land being in the hands of only a few people. There was a significant absence of legal rights, punishment was brutal and justice was personalised. In reaction to this a group known as the enlightenment philosophers emerged who argued that human problems should be tackled by the application of reason, rather than tradition, religion or superstition. 1 The Enlightenment thinkers argued for a criminal justice system which was predictable, non-discriminatory, humane and effective. 2 This line of argument formed the basis for the classicalist theory. The Classical theory relies on the principle that humans have individual rights, the capacity to reason and the rule of law. The voluntaristic view that humans have free will therefore means we are entirely responsible for our actions. We commit crime due to either using reason to outweigh the benefits against the detriments or because of an irrational decision. The Classical theory views everyone as having the equal capacity to reason therefore everyone should be treated equally under the law. 3 In order to maintain both individual rights and order the Classicalist theory proposes that there should be a social contract between the governing state and the individuals. The Social contract states that we give up certain rights in return for both the safety of ourselves and our property. The rule of law means we are treated equally under the law. The law is seen as essentially good and that crime is simply a violation of the law. Punishment was used only as a deterrent against committing crime working on a pleasure-pain principle, in which the pain of the sentence would outweigh any pleasure to be gained from committing the crime. 4 The influence of the Classicalist theory has been both positive and negative with both presenting challenging arguments. As Jock Young argues the Classical argument has been immensely influential upon both the legal and criminal side of society. 5 Firstly the Classicalist theory presented a far more open and orderly justice system unlike its predecessor which was left at the discretion of the aristocracy. With the focus being upon the individual, and more importantly the individuals rights, a repressive attitude could no longer be taken in the Criminal Justice system. A sense of justice is given to all parts of society and not just a select few. The Classical theory is based on self interest of man, will and desire rather than that of God, making social problems easier to deal with and meaning that we have a society all working on the same basis of their reasoning ability. The basis of self interest as our motivation is something that all of society can relate to and provides a firm, realistic perhaps even materialistic foundation. 6 The tension in the theory between the rational self and the pursuit of self interest has been tempered, as Young says, by reason. We are all endowed with free will and the ability to reason and for this the law views us equally, meaning that the justice system can move towards an objective basis. A system which is both fair and objective can be relied upon and is far easier to debate any disputes than a subjective one. Classical theory has led to many legal system reforms but one of the most important is that of punishment, due mainly to its significance in the reform of criminals. Punishment has become proportionate to the crime committed thereby not only making the punishment fair and just but also acting as an effective deterrent against any future unlawful activity. The idea of a social contract coupled with free will gives individuals in society responsibility and choice and it is this responsibility which forces people to consider their actions. By forcing people to take responsibility for their actions society is asking the individual to consider mistakes they have made and how best to reform their ways. The Classical theory has set a standard which other theories can be compared to, it has moved the criminal justice system towards a more predictable, fair and effective position which can be relied upon. The Classical theory has given individuality to society meaning we live in a culture which relies upon itself to improve rather than others forcing us. The Classical theory has been limited by the assumption that all people are equal in front of the law. There cannot be equality in front of the law when society is immersed in inequality. The problem of fairness in individual cases becomes apparent when we consider that people are not endowed with equal capacity to reason. 8 Children and adults with mental illnesses cannot reason in an equal capacity to other people therefore how can they be tried in the same manner. Their decision to commit a crime may be due to an irrational decision therefore how is a case of this nature approached, the classical approach offers no answers. The introduction of mitigating circumstances as a possible solution could be countered in that it would conflict with the free will and rational argument upon which the Classical theory is based. The Classical theory also fails to recognise that crime is not distributed throughout society equally. The Classical argument suggests crime occurs due to temporary irrationality but this does not explain why crime occurs in predominately low income areas. Classical theory fails to recognise that the inequalities in society are often the cause of crime and when suggesting all are equal before the law we are confronted with a major contradiction. The inequality in society also highlights the difference between formal law and substantive law because certain individuals in society have the means to exploit the legal system through knowledge and lawyers whereas others cannot. 10 Similarly with punishments, which although may be proportional to the crime, affect members of society in noticeably different ways. For example a poorer individual may experience far greater implications upon being found guilty, in that they could lose income and any future work opportunities, whereas a more affluent person could still manage. It is clear that in an unequal society the argument for complete equality in law is met with many dilemmas. Lombroso would argue that the Classical theory is simply metaphysical speculation and that we are pre-determined, meaning personal characteristics are the reason behind crime. I however would not support the determinism argument because I dont believe we can be free from responsibility for our actions. Functionalism, a theoretical perspective that emphasizes how societies operate or function by highlighting the interdependence of individuals and institutions,11 has also challenged the argument put forward by the Classical theory. Durkheim believed that social activities contribute to the functioning of social systems12 and that crime was normal and had four functions. The first being that it highlights certain behaviours or attitudes because deviance causes proper moral behaviour. 13 Secondly by identifying deviants you are able to recognize group boundaries. Thirdly punishing deviance provides forums for collective action. 14 Finally deviance may bring about a social change. Functionalism provides a substantial argument against the classical theory because it attacks the premise that crime is due to irrational actions and is a detriment to society. Although the functionalism argument has been criticised for being in no position to focus on social conflict when it is based upon consensus and how the unity of people is for the good of society. The Classical theory has been scrutinized for not showing any focus towards the causes of crime simply arguing that individuals work on a pleasure-pain basis. However Beccaria argued that economic conditions, bad laws could cause crime. Additionally, he was clear that property crimes were committed primarily by the poor, and mainly out of necessity. 15 The Classical theorys main problem is that it continually contradicts itself which leads to various other problems. The Classical theory could only occur in a society free of inequality, not based on class or status. When this is met with the premise that individuals are self-seeking and motivated by their desire to excel you arrive at a contradiction which leaves it with little freedom to counter. A society which is based on the individual being motivated by their own objectives leaves an imbalance and inequality because obviously not everyone will reach the same standard. The Classical theory is attempting to have a justice system based on formal equality in a society which is substantively unequal. This has repercussions throughout the whole of the justice system and renders the classical theory in need of reform. The Classical theory obviously provoked a radical change to the justice system and forced elements which were brutal, unpredictable and unfair to be amended in a manner which suited all of society. Classicalism has brought about a justice system which can be relied upon and proposed the theory that deviance is due to irrationality and that individuals are self-seeking which is a premise all of society can relate to. However it is the focus upon the offence rather than the offender which has been its downfall. It has been accused of being inhumane and too formal. Inequality in society has been hidden by the equality in the justice system and for this reason it will always be limited in its approach. However the influence that Classicalism has had is vast with the idea that we are in control of our actions being at the heart of society today. Jock Young stated that classicalism has the largest history of any contemporary criminological theory but still continues to be a major influence both on institutions of social control and in controversies in criminology. 16 Both the Positivist and Classical argument are persuasive theories but a combination of both would obviously provide a stronger argument which would hopefully amend the faults they possess.

Circus Maximus History and Games

Circus Maximus History and Games The first and biggest circus in Rome, the Circus Maximus was located between the Aventine and Palatine hills. Its shape made it particularly suitable for chariot races, although spectators could also watch other stadium events there or from the surrounding hillsides. Each year in ancient Rome, from the early legendary period, the Circus Maximus became the venue for an important and popular celebration. The Ludi Romani or Ludi Magni (September 5-19) were held to honor Jupiter Optimus Maximus (Jupiter Best and Greatest) whose temple was dedicated, according to tradition, which is always shaky for the early period, on September 13, 509 (Source: Scullard). The games were organized by the curule aediles and were divided into ludi circenses as in circus (e.g., chariot races and gladiatorial combats) and ludi scaenici as in scenic (theatrical performances). The ludi started with a procession to the Circus Maximus. In the procession were young men, some on horseback, charioteers, the almost naked, competing athletes, spear-carrying dancers to flute and lyre players, satyr and Silenoi impersonators, musicians, and incense burners, followed by images of the gods and once-mortal divine heroes, and sacrificial animals. The games included horse-drawn chariot races, foot races, boxing, wrestling, and more. Ludi Romani and the Circus Maximus King Tarquinius Priscus (Tarquin) was the first Etruscan king of Rome. When he took power, he engaged in various political ploys to gain popular favor. Among other actions, he waged a successful war against a neighboring Latin town. In honor of the Roman victory, Tarquin held the first of the Ludi Romani, the Roman Games, consisting of boxing and horse racing. The spot that he selected for the Ludi Romani became the Circus Maximus. The topography of the city of Rome is known for its seven hills (Palatine, Aventine, Capitoline or Capitolium, Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, and Caelian). Tarquin laid out the first racetrack circuit in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine Hills. Spectators could view the action by sitting on the hillsides. Later Romans developed another type of stadium (Colosseum) to suit other games they enjoyed. The ovoid shape and seating of the circus were more suited to chariot races than to wild beast and gladiator fights, although the Circus Maximus held both. Stages in the Building of the Circus Maximus King Tarquin laid out an arena known as the Circus Maximus. Down the center was a barrier (spina), with pillars at each end around which charioteers had to maneuver carefully. Julius Caesar enlarged this circus to 1800 feet in length by 350 feet wide. Seats (150,000 in Caesars time) were on terraces over stone arched vaults. A building with stalls and entrances to the seats surrounded the circus. End of the Circus Games The last games were held in the sixth century CE. Factions The drivers of the chariots (aurigae or agitatores) that raced in the circus wore team colors (factions). Originally, the factions were White and Red, but Green and Blue were added during the Empire. Domitian introduced short-lived Purple and Gold factions. By the fourth century CE, the White faction had joined the Green, and the Red had joined the Blue. The factions attracted fanatically loyal supporters. Circus Laps On the flat end of the circus were 12 openings (carceres) through which the chariots passed. Conical pillars (metae) marked the starting line (alba linea). At the opposite end were matching metae. Starting on the right of the spina, the charioteers raced down the course rounded the pillars and returned to the start 7 times (the missus). Circus Hazards Because there were wild beasts in the circus arena, spectators were offered some protection through an iron railing. When Pompey held an elephant fight in the arena, the railing broke. Caesar added a moat (euripus) 10 feet wide and 10 feet deep between the arena and the seats. Nero filled it back in. Fires in the wooden seats was another danger. The charioteers and those behind them were in particular danger when they rounded the metae. Other Circuses The Circus Maximus was the first and largest circus, but it was not the only one. Other circuses included the Circus Flaminius (where the Ludi Plebeii were held) and the Circus of Maxentius. The games became a regular event in 216 BCE in the Circus Flaminius, partly to honor the fallen champion, Flaminius, partly to honor the gods of the Plebes, and to honor all gods due to the dire circumstances of their struggle with Hannibal. The Ludi Plebeii was the first of a whole string of new games beginning in the late second century BCE to gather favor from whatever gods would listen to Romes needs.

Comparing and Contrasting Business Systems in Japan and China Essay

Comparing and Contrasting Business Systems in Japan and China - Essay Example The country’s economy is diverse unlike Japan’s which relies mostly on industries. China depends mostly on agriculture, industries and its cultural heritage (Zheng, 2013). The rate of economic change in China is relatively higher compared to that of Japan. Although Japan has had a significant growth in the late 20th century, China has improved its economic growth in the 21st century in a way that has made it among the best performers in the world. Natural disasters that have hit Japan for the last ten years have left the country at a loss in terms of its economic performance. The country, however, manages to retain a significant rate of economic growth. China has mostly relied on its population and size of the country for much of its improvement in terms of economic development (Blackford 2008, p. 25). China’s economic capabilities can be seen to be way ahead that of Japan. The country has more potential to grow into a super-economy. As mentioned earlier, the mai n challenge facing Japan remains the series of natural disasters that the country has faced. The disasters have left the country in economic turmoil considering the levels it managed to reach in the late 20th century. Japan can be seen to have employed the theory of development of management in a more efficient way than China (Zheng, 2013). This can be attributed to the capitalistic nature of the country. The theory underlines the fundamental guidelines that should be followed in order to have efficient management of businesses. This includes clearly outlining the goals of the business and distancing the business from its owner(s). The extent of owner involvement in the running of businesses in the two countries is... A business system can be defined as a methodical procedure or process used by owners of factors of production as a delivery mechanism for providing goods and services to customers. An efficient business system has the potential of accelerating economic growth in a country while still rewarding owners of the factors of production. On the other hand, a country that adopts inefficient business systems may lug behind in terms of economic growth. This calls for business systems analysts to be involved in the adoption and use of the various business systems in a country. The rate of economic change in China is relatively higher compared to that of Japan. Although Japan has had a significant growth in the late 20th century, China has improved its economic growth in the 21st century in a way that has made it among the best performers in the world. The country, however, manages to retain a significant rate of economic growth after the natural disasters. China has mostly relied on its population and size of the country for much of its improvement in terms of economic development. Japan and China are two of the leading economies in Asia. The countries have both similarities and differences in their business systems. Japan is purely a capitalistic state. China, on the other hand, is both a socialistic and capitalistic state. Although Japan’s capitalistic system has helped it achieve major economic goals, the threat posed by natural disasters still remains a major concern to the country’s economy. China, on the other hand, should adopt a purely capitalistic system in order to realize its full potential in the business sector. This is realistic considering the tremendous levels it has reached with a system that does not work efficiently in the business sector.

Wallace Stevens Death of Soldier & EE Cummings Sweet Old Etceter Essay

Wallace Stevens Death of Soldier & EE Cummings Sweet Old Etceter - Essay Example On the other hand, Wallace Stevens’ ‘The Death of a Soldier’ is perceived through a modernist view in a dimension of realism that treats acceptance of fate as mundane. On claiming ‘Life contracts and death is expected, As in a season of autumn’, W. Stevens takes on a perspective that embraces practicality where no point of despair becomes necessary. Time instead serves as an indispensable element in the poem and even ‘death’ which is said to be ‘absolute’ and ‘without memorial’ is subject to the constant changing of season. Unlike with Faulkner’s narrative which appears to celebrate sensible aspects of living through remarkable human traits, Stevens’ brief work can be felt to assume rigidity, perhaps to drive any huge amount of agony over death. As if to deprive the poem of components that lead to sentimentality, Stevens occurs to have been more inclined to render the piece as a detail of fact. By t he repetition of simile with ‘As in a season of autumn’, there emerges an attempt to signify the physical rather than the emotional state of nature with respect to the perspective of a third person in view of war.

Listening Without Resistance and Systems Thinking Research Paper

Listening Without Resistance and Systems Thinking - Research Paper Example In addition, I have been judging the accent of the other party in the conversation. I have been thinking that people who have great accent are less literate. This has been making me get less keen when listening to them. Conversations I have had in the past weeks were just discussions. Discussion is listening without a desire to be changed by the conversation (Mozdzierz, 2009). A dialogue, on the other hand, is a special way of conversation in which one is willing to be influenced by the conversation (Robinson & Rose, 2007). The conversations I have had in the past weeks could not fit to be called dialogue. This is because of my behavior of choosing not to be keen when the other party in a conversation had an accent, pronunciation problem or spoke less audibly. In most cases, my actions were either partially or completely withdrawing myself from the conversation. Therefore, I have done more of discussion than dialogue. Conversations could be easily converted to dialogue using several advantage points. One of the points is completing the features of a conversation. According to Nikulin (2010), this could be done by personal voice, unfinalizability, and allosensus. Another point is asking for clarifications during the conversation. This could increase someone’s attentiveness on the conversation. As a result, the conversation would have a great influence on the person and thus converted into a dialogue. The other point is reframing the message communicated during a conversation. This could avoid negative reactions and judgments made during conversations. As a result, the conversation would have a great influence on the parties involved and thus it would have been converted to a dialogue. System thinking is one of the five disciplines defined by Senge to guide activities of a learning organization. According to Wyk (2003), system thinking could be conceptualized as a tool for making complex patterns in a learning organization much

Importance of Business Contract Law and its Implementation Assignment

Importance of Business Contract Law and its Implementation - Assignment Example Various lawyers and accountants provide their services both as employees and independent contractors. Essentials of a Contract The first essential of a valid contract is a valid offer. An offer is a clear statement of terms on which a party is ready to do business. It becomes valid when it is free from any ambiguity, communicated to the offeree, and not a counter-offer. The next element is acceptance. The acceptance must be a mirror image of the offer, communicated to the offeror, must not be subject to a condition, and must not have any new terms. Otherwise, it becomes a counter-offer. Communication can be through speech, conduct, writing, or by any reasonable method. Otherwise, it is not valid and there is no contract. The third important element is a consideration. It has been defined as â€Å"a benefit to one party or a detriment to the other† in Currie v Misa2. It must not be passed, must move from the promisee, must be sufficient, must not be something the promise is leg ally bound to do and must be legal. The fourth element is the intention of the parties involved to be legally bound. If there is no such intention, there is no contract but a social agreement. When these four conditions are fulfilled, a valid contract is formed. Types of Contract A contract that is formed by just oral agreement and nothing is put into writing is called a verbal contract. For contracts, being in writing is not an essential part and they are still enforceable by law. A written contract is a contract put in writing. It is also enforceable by law. It is difficult to enforce a verbal contract as it becomes almost impossible to provide a proof upon which a decision can be based on. When a contract is in writing, it is easy to prove and enforce. Another type of contracts is made in deeds. A deed is a written instrument used to convey the title or interest in a real estate. Relating mostly to land law, deeds can be regarded as written agreements.  

Dynasty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dynasty - Essay Example ty came to an abrupt ending because of its expensive military expansions and political unrest due to its autocratic and tyrannical form of government. Though principles of Confucius were respected and followed to some extent in state affairs but more emphasis was paid on Buddhism and Taoism. Education system was over-hauled. Civil service exams were introduced a long time back during the Han dynasty and during this time period, this system was revived. The economy of China improved due to developments and engineering works such as canals, roads and cities- which were undertaken on a large scale. Special attention was paid to irrigation and agriculture. The Grand Canal was built to promote speedy communication and transportation between the northern and the southern parts of China. The Great Wall of China was also fortified. 1 In 617, the Sui dynasty was overthrown by Tangs. It promoted Taoism in the religious and social lives of the people. The government was centralized and it managed to rule for about 300 years. Major changes in the political, economical and social structures were witnessed during this time. Printing was invented and Art and literature flourished. Arab, Persian and foreign traders expanded their activities during the eighth century and set up factories at the Canon Delta, Fu-chien and Chiang-su2. The government held large areas of land particularly for the breeding of horses for the government officials; and military-agricultural colonies were established along the northern border as a means to protect the frontier3. The Tang dynasty managed to establish peace and stability in the empire and during 715-56 AD, prices were low and merchants could undertake long journeys without the fear of robbery.4 Transport of luxury goods and grains from the southern parts of China was made easy with the intricate web of highways and the canal system.5 This state of wealth and prosperity could not last longer because land holding policies of the government

Importance of Business Contract Law and its Implementation Assignment

Importance of Business Contract Law and its Implementation - Assignment Example Various lawyers and accountants provide their services both as employees and independent contractors. Essentials of a Contract The first essential of a valid contract is a valid offer. An offer is a clear statement of terms on which a party is ready to do business. It becomes valid when it is free from any ambiguity, communicated to the offeree, and not a counter-offer. The next element is acceptance. The acceptance must be a mirror image of the offer, communicated to the offeror, must not be subject to a condition, and must not have any new terms. Otherwise, it becomes a counter-offer. Communication can be through speech, conduct, writing, or by any reasonable method. Otherwise, it is not valid and there is no contract. The third important element is a consideration. It has been defined as â€Å"a benefit to one party or a detriment to the other† in Currie v Misa2. It must not be passed, must move from the promisee, must be sufficient, must not be something the promise is leg ally bound to do and must be legal. The fourth element is the intention of the parties involved to be legally bound. If there is no such intention, there is no contract but a social agreement. When these four conditions are fulfilled, a valid contract is formed. Types of Contract A contract that is formed by just oral agreement and nothing is put into writing is called a verbal contract. For contracts, being in writing is not an essential part and they are still enforceable by law. A written contract is a contract put in writing. It is also enforceable by law. It is difficult to enforce a verbal contract as it becomes almost impossible to provide a proof upon which a decision can be based on. When a contract is in writing, it is easy to prove and enforce. Another type of contracts is made in deeds. A deed is a written instrument used to convey the title or interest in a real estate. Relating mostly to land law, deeds can be regarded as written agreements.  

The Marketing Plan 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Marketing Plan 2 - Assignment Example This is due to increased demand from young adults across the globe. Abundant experience in the energy drink market, red bull was founded in Austria in 1987 and since then has grown to be the world’s most popular energy drink. The red bull brand is known all over and the high energy it represents is a hit with consumers Recently there has been issues raised about the health effects of consuming energy drink and this might impact consumer purchases. People take keen interest in health and such news are received by alarm by the masses The emerging markets – there are developing countries in the world such as those in Africa and these provide a ready market for red bull products. There is an increase in purchasing power in these nations and the people are readily adopting global brands. A potential large target group – the target consumers for red bull are young people and young adults. This represents majority of the population and given that these numbers are growing the future looks positive for red bull. The use of energy drinks is gaining favour-in the past some people thought that energy drinks were alcoholic. But this is fast changing and the use of energy drinks is gaining favour among the general population. Below is a table showing the competitors of Red Bull and their market shares. Red Bull still has a lead in global market share but Monster is closely behind. In this regard, there should be a massive campaign so as to increase this lead (Ferrell, 2011). The key to success is offering customers a quality product that reflects a true value for their money. The Red Bull gives you wings are a popular phrase around the world and this should be used to maintain brand loyalty. The use of red bull has raised some controversy over the years. This is due to the caffeine content that is in the drink. Some countries have certain restrictions on the amount of

Options for implementing a leadership change Essay Example for Free

Options for implementing a leadership change Essay Gene One is a biotech company that has seen steady growth since entering the biotech industry in 1996. It was founded by the late Don Ruiz and four other directors. During the last eight years, Gene One has grown to become a $400 million dollar company. Gene One wants to continue this growth, and has decided to gain additional growth and funds by issuing an Initial Public Offering (IPO). This is in order to remain competitive in the market, since it needs more capital for new development, advertisement, and marketing if it is to remain successful.   In order for the IPO to be successful, Gene One needs a solid foundation to build upon. Gene One can take an in-depth look at key concepts such as effective teamwork through cooperation, trust, and cohesiveness, sources of conflict in organizations, knowledge management, elements of organizational structure, and assess the influence of organizational structure on power and politics (Scenario, 2006). Gene One is a growing company with many opportunities for further growth in the future. With this change, Gene One needs to revaluate all areas of the company and find solutions to problems within the organization. The company has many opportunities for changes, which will enable them to reach the goals needed. The key project is to find the best solution that will enable Gene One to reach their goals, and become better than its competitors. It will need to review the solutions that they have come up with, and the additional alternative solutions that have not even been reviewed (Holmstrom, 1994). Team analysis After the death of Don Ruiz, there is a big leadership gap left in the management of Gene One. The team is therefore incomplete without him, which is undesirable for effective management. Team building is both challenging and rewarding. Effective teams achieve results far beyond what individuals could accomplish on their own. However, team building is much more than putting a group of people together and hoping for the best. Teambuilding is an art that overcomes differences in style, personality, and other potential areas of conflict, but even when a team functions in total harmony, it may not achieve its goals (Brickley, 1987). As Don’s siblings, we have found ourselves having to take part in leadership at Gene One. Each family member was assigned one member of the remaining four members of the executive. In order to assess the remaining team’s likelihood of success, I gathered information about one team member and did an analysis on it. During my analysis, I found my subject to have the following desirable attributes:   He can take charge, is assertive and can take control of a situation. He is   outgoing, people-oriented and extroverted He is concerned with accuracy, details and exactness He is competitive, has   a great   desire to win and is aggressive He is   easy going and casual, and   takes things as they come He likes identifying and analyzing problems He is concerned with timely results and is quick to take action He is good team player who works well with others he is concerned with standards and high quality work Attributes not well represented Despite all the good attributes, I found my subject with a few negative attributes. They include: he has a negative attitude regarding people and outcomes He is highly emotional and easily loses his temper He gets impatient with the subordinate staff Recommendation With a few changes to the leadership structure of Gene One, I recommend my subject for a further role in management of Gene One. His attributes are impressive and can steer the company to great heights. However, he should help take the company through a transition to usher in a structure that separates ownership from management. Leadership style Gene One needs to develop a leadership style that involves the leader including one or more employees in the decision making process.   However, the leader maintains the final decision making authority. Using this style is not a sign of weakness; rather it is a sign of strength that your employees will respect. This is normally used when you have part of the information, and your employees have other parts. Note that a leader is not expected to know everything-this is why you employ knowledgeable and skillful employees. Using this style is of mutual benefit it allows them to become part of the team and allows you to make better decisions (Tannenbaum Schmidt, 1958). Leadership structure The leadership structure at Gene One should change such that the titles of CEO and chairman of the board are separate entities. This will help separate management from leadership.   This is the best leadership structure for large corporations or others hoping to enter that league. Most large corporations are not managed by their owners or shareholders. Instead, they are managed by a leader-CEO or President- and a team of officers. The CEO or president is usually a professional trained in a particular field with the necessary experience. The CEO is accountable to the stockholders through their elected representative, the board of directors. Gene One should not have a dual CEO where the CEO functions simultaneously as the chair of the board. A non-dual CEO would be the best option for Gene One. Research has shown that CEO duality threatens Board independence, and can erode the essential oversight responsibilities of the Board (Daily and Dalton, 1994). Negative leadership should be avoided at all costs. Negative leaders act domineering and superior with people. They believe the only way to get things done is through penalties, such as loss of job, days off without pay, reprimand employees in front of others, etc. They believe their authority is increased by frightening everyone into higher lever of productivity. Yet what always happens when this approach is used wrongly is that morale falls; which of course leads to lower productivity.

Models Regarding the Emergence of Bipedalism

Models Regarding the Emergence of Bipedalism There are over ten hypotheses as to how and why bipedalism evolved in humans and when. Bipedalism evolved well before the large human brain or the development of stone tools. Bipedal specializations are found in australopithecus fossils from 4.2-3.9 million years ago. The different hypotheses are not necessarily mutually exclusive and a number of selective forces may have acted together to lead to human bipedalism. Possible reasons for the evolution of human bipedalism include freeing the hands for tool use and carrying, sexual dimorphism in food gathering, changes in climate and habitat (from jungle to savanna) and to reduce the amount of skin exposed to the tropical sun. Another explanation is the mixture of savanna and scattered forests forced the first humans to travel between clusters of trees and bipedalism offered greater efficiency for long-distance travel between these clusters than knuckle-walking quadrupedism. Step One: Tool Use Evidence for use of stone tools first came from Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. These tools were found in the lowest levels dating to nearly 2.0 million years ago. In southern Ethiopia, stone tools dating to as early as 2.3 to 2.4 million years ago have been discovered. Someone or something has modified the. There are different kinds of tools as well. The overall evidence suggests that between 2.3 and 2.5 million years ago hominids began to use stone materials as tools. The first stone tools were probably made for two purposes: cutting something and pounding on something. Obviously you can cut and pound plant materials or use stone tools to dig for roots and such things. However, it is far more likely that some hominids began to cut hides and meat and chop on bones to extract protein rich marrow. Of all of the tools made, the most important was probably the sharp flake that provided the edge by which one could cut even the toughest hides. It is probably unfortunate that the first stone to ol tradition, the Oldowan Tool Tradition, is defined as a core-chopper tradition. Cores are the means to detach flakes and it is these that were so vital to early hominid stone tool users. Step Two: Bigger Brains About one million years ago, hominoid mammals started to exhibit rational thought, a mental process that represented an important advance over simple natural and emotional reactions. Rational thought or is the conscious ability to add sensory input with memory by the use of logical thought processes. Also, morality emerged, which was reliant on the emergence of intelligence.Modern humans (homo sapiens) appeared approximately 160,000 years ago. And until about 12,000 years ago, when agriculture developed, they lived in small groups as hunters and gatherers. They had large brains that had evolved like everything else because it gave the individual and the group, as well as the individual within the group, a competitive advantage: Language allowed better communication within the group and higher forms of thinking. The passing on of knowledge from generation to generation, culture, evolved simultaneously or sometime later. The transfer of more complex information, ideas and concepts from one individual to another, or to a group, was probably the single most advantageous evolutionary adaptation for species preservation. The advantage of learning from passed on knowledge is it allowed foresight and planning. This gave them the ability to adapt to various environments and move to the top of the food chain. With these developments, social survival skills within the group became more important, for the socially fittest produced more offspring. Hence, the larger-brain-yielding genes were more successfully passed on. Step Three: Thermoregulatory Advantages Wheelers thermoregulatory model proposes, as the selective pressure, bipedalism conferring reduction in heat gain and facilitation of heat dissipation. Bipedalism raises the mean body surface higher above the ground, where more favorable wind speeds and temperatures prevail. Greater wind flow translates to higher convective heat loss. Bipedalism reduces evaporative cooling requirements and conserves body water. Vertical orientation also minimizes direct solar exposure during the time of day when the solar radiation is most intense. This basically says that by being upright, hominids were exposed less to harmful elements yet gained the benefits of others. Step Four: Travel For Food More specific causes for the adoption of upright posture could be things such as carrying, display or warning, new feeding adaptations, tools, or a combination of these. A conservative view is that the hominid ancestor maintained the typical hominoid foraging regime in a Miocene habitat in which food was becoming more and more widely dispersed and required greater terrestrial travel to harvest. Bipedalism could easily have been the mode of terrestrial travel for this tree adapted hominoid, as it is in all of the modern species of lesser apes, since modern hominoids are equally efficient as bipeds or as quadrupeds at normal speeds. Given the added advantage of free forelimbs, bipedalism for a small hominoid seems likely. The adoption of bipedalism by a Miocene hominoid need not be taken as such an unlikely occurrence, especially given the fact that all lesser apes today are habitual bipeds and bipedalism can easily be adopted by modern chimpanzees in the wild. Step Five: Avoid Predators During the terminal phase of the Miocene era, or around five million years ago, the climate began to shift from wet subtropical to much more arid, grassland conditions. Over the next three million years, the heavy forest cover gradually died out and tree based hominid ancestors were forced down onto ground. There, they faced the most brutal lineup of predators in the world, including lions, leopards, hyenas, and possibly wild dogs in large packs. Survival in such environments is limited to either predator avoidance or running and hominids such as A.afarensis would have been vulnerable due to lack of swift movements necessary to escape predators. Bipedalism also exposed early hominids to predators by making them upright. They were forced to rely on binocular vision for predatory avoidance, but in cases where a predator was not seen, they were easy prey for ambush hunters. Also, their plant food diet increased their exposure to predators. The combination of other factors such as smalle r body size, and lack of sharp teeth or claws also increased vulnerability of hominids to this fate. Only a few fossilised examples are available; according to the taphonomic studies of Hart and Sussman(2005), 5% of A. afarensis fossils show evidence of having been eaten. Conclusion The emergence of hominids become bipedal has without question was one of the biggest factors in the development of civilization. If our early ancestors had never left the trees, we would not be where we are today, or they wouldnt have developed the way they did. By becoming bipedal it allowed them to travel greater distances and use their bodies in different ways. The bigger brain and the use of tools really allowed hominids to further the range of their existence and become more well rounded. There really cannot be enough said about the emergence of bipedalism. Civilization is directly a result of everything this ability allowed hominids to do.

computers :: essays research papers

Computers In Our Lives   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the 21st century rolling right along the technology world is becoming highly advanced every year. School in America must teach the basics of computers before computers become too advanced for students to even learn the basics. Once the basics of computers are taught in school, then students will be able to complete a large percentage of assignments over the computer. There are three basic functions that computers will do to help education. Computers will help students to receive learning material in an efficient way. Computers will allow students to accomplish more work using quick research and will allow for increased learning during the students’ education. Computers will allow students to prepare for the new way of life in which computers will be used in every profession.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The computer has an endless supply of possible education aids. Students will be able to research any topic over the computer and the Internet. With all assignments given, all work can be done over the computers. Students can take tests over the computer, they can complete math problems and, of course, students can complete writing assignments. The more students use computers, the quicker work will be completed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Students will be able to do all the research they need without leaving their seat. Students can learn about anything they want using the computer, which will lead to for an advanced education. The more a student researches, the more the student will learn about computers. With education switching to computers, students will learn at an efficient rate and will learn more material. Computers are used for research, writing out ideas, and then typing the paper, which makes writing papers easier for the students and more assignments can be given.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the new way of life quickly changing, computers are going to be needed for everything. In America computers will be the basis of every profession. Computer will be used to write up information, to check background information for police officers, and will be used to even issue fishing licenses at fishing stores. If computers are not used daily in school, then the process for the future of the student will not be completed.

Cell Organelles :: essays research papers

The studies of Robert Hooke 1665 into a plant material would allow the determination of a pore like regular structure surrounded by a wall of which he called ‘cells’ this in itself unbeknownst to him, was the discovery of the fundamental unit of all living things. In 1838 a botanist called Schleiden derived the theory ‘The basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms is the cell.’ Over 150 years later this can be regarded as one of the most familiar and important facts within the biological fields. Drawing of cork cells published by Robert Hooke 1665 The Cell itself and use of Cytology: The cell can be thought of as a bag in which the chemistry of life is allowed to occur, partially separated from the environment outside the cell, it exists within all living organisms as its basic structure. The study of cells is made possible through the use of ‘cytology’ the preparation of materials for examination through microscopes as an average animal cell exists on a scale of 10 microns roughly one hundredths of a millimetres. Originally light microscopy was used in this field but with the advancement of knowledge scientists were restricted to 200nm magnification, or 2 tenths of a micron. Realising the existence of cell organelles within the cell structure, allowing the function of the cell itself to occur; It was necessary to increase magnification by utilising an alternate source radiation (alternate to light).The result was the electron microscope, whereby the short wavelength and negative charge of electrons when supplied with energy allowed for greater focusing with electromagnetism. This method bends the path of the beam in the manner of a lens to light. Cell Organelles and the variation between Plant and Animal Cells: We have already determined the cell to be the foundation to all organisms, however the term cell is associative and categorises a wide variation. Every animal cell has a specified function whether it be the production of hair, mucus, or the process of other chemicals ( multiple reactions occur within a cell for other purposes i.e. creation of ATP, protein manufacture etc.) So from this we must examine the cell in more detail and determine what it is within the cell that creates it specialised function and separates it as an individual type. Plant cells vary from animal through the existence of certain organelles. Organelles are the substances that provide a cell with the ability to produce (a production line) and exist within the cells boundaries.

American Red Cross- Basic History/Overview

Basic History/Overview: The American Red Cross is a non-profit organization supported solely off of financial donations and volunteers (community). Red Cross mission is to â€Å"provide relief to victims to victims of disasters and help people prevent, prepare for, and respond to emergencies. Red Cross was founded in 1881 by Clara Barton. Who was inspired by the Red Cross during the Prussian War. She first implemented what she had experience over in Europe in the U. S. during the Spanish American War in the 1898. The Red Cross joins more than 175 other national societies in providing aid to those in need across the world. The American Red Cross follows seven bylaws: humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence, voluntary service, unity and universalities. Today the Red Cross have over a half million volunteers and 35,000 employees. The President of United States is the honorary chairman of the Red Cross and appoints the eight governs. In recent history American Red Cross had had its share of troubles which stated at the top of the executive tree and has seen several top resignations in the last decade. Ethical Issues/Key Facts: Red Cross main issues were around mismanagement of funds and donations to the Red Cross. †¢ In 2001 the American Red Cross ousted Elizabeth Dole, due to the fact of slow responses to 9-11 attacks. This started the Era of host of top executive failures and the doors kept revolving every few years with new presidents. Resignations varied anywhere from slow responses to mismanagement, lack of communication to misconduct with financial funds. †¢ After 9-11 the Red Cross had established a fund for those impacted by the incident. Red Cross received over $500 million dollars in pledges but only contributed a 1/3 of those funds to the 9-11 relief efforts. This sparked an ethical issue with ARC as far as monetary donation mismanagement. †¢ Hurricane Katrina sparked another issue for ARC. Again had ARC received over $2 billion dollars in donations and the public scrutinize as what was done with that money. These responses were the outcome of fraudulent and inefficient decisions. †¢ Red Cross downfalls continuously tend to be around monetary donations and the management of those funds. Questions: 1. I think the biggest problem are those at the top and how they are giving severance upon getting fired or resigning due to fraudulent activities of mismanagement of funds. This sends out a message to employees that it’s ok if you at the top of the chain and take money from us (ARC) we will still compensate you at the end. ARC needs to regain it trust in the community and communicate with the public as to how funds are distributed and the manner they are distributed in. 2. Some of the problems that ARC encountered with handling donations was that the monies that were donated where not allocated according to that particular disaster. Initially triggering this was 9-11, the public was outraged. The ARC would create funds, for example the Liberty fund for 9-11, however only gave one-third of it to relief efforts. People gave these donations with intentions that ARC would use the monies for the victims and their families. Another issues was the slow response time with Hurricane Katrina and it’s relief fund. . The ARC has many issues as listed in the case from executive compensation, employee misconduct, considering all stakeholders and slow response time. But I think the overall reasoning is once again at the top with poor decision making, improper leadership skills and inadequate use of donations. And I think in order for ARC to avoid these issues they need to â€Å"clean house† and train corporate managers and volunteers, not to mention dev elop a process for better communication through out organization in time of disaster needs. . I think that organizational structure has a great effect on ARC ethical issues, because it goes hand and hand with compensation and communication. I think the ARC can be revamped organizationally from the top to the bottom and this would eliminate the biggest ethical issue ARC has, which is mismanagement of donations. I also think that ARC has more Chiefs then Indians. Meaning that ARC has to many people at the top, with little leadership skills and poor business tactics.

A Class Without A Teacher Essay

One of the most awaited moment in school life- Absence of a teacher in class. This is the time when a classroom can change into a parliament, jungle, market or even a mix of everything! Gossip, food, naughtiness, laughter and craziness overrule books, law, discipline and silence. The most perfect time to relax and enjoy and exercise our right to freedom of everything we can think of. Beings students, our prime motive is to break rules, have fun and cherish the good memories rather than crying over bad times, abiding school rules, stay numb and work like robots. Once a teacher enters the classroom, we find silence at its perfectness and everyone is busy with their assigned work. But after all, students are students and once the teacher leaves, shall their true identities be revealed. Teaching by video conferencing makes a classroom without physical presence of teacher. This kind of advancement in teaching slowly minimizes the personal care and interactive nature of teacher. Now, we’re focused on giving teachers the support they need to excel in the classroom. That support should come in many forms, including individualized professional development, cutting-edge educational technology and state-of-the-art lesson plans. One of the things I hear most often when I talk to teachers is that they’re eager for more chances to work together, to learn from each other. New teachers want regular access to colleagues with experience who can help them grow into the profession. Experienced teachers, likewise, want to become leaders in their schools by mentoring new teachers. I was recently talking to teachers in Denver, an innovative school district that is trying some new approaches. They told me one of the best changes is a new emphasis to work in groups. They said the spirit of the collaboration reminds them of why they became teachers in the first place. Perhaps most importantly, teachers must have a voice in creating the future of teaching. They have a unique understanding of where their profession needs to go and what they need to do their best work for students. We have an obligation to benefit from their wisdom. That is why all the work we do at the foundation is in partnership with teachers.

Vision and Mission of Japan Airline Group Essay

Vision and Mission of Japan Airline Group - Essay Example It embraces complying with environmental laws and regulations, promoting efficient use of energy and resources, waste reduction and recycling, selecting environment-friendly products, and social contributions. The Japan Airlines Group Code of Conduct clearly articulates the values that the company pursues with regard to different aspects of its business activities. On the other hand, the group’s vision statement, although stating how the company sees its development and emphasizing global expansion, specifics of the supporting industry, and focus on differentiation, would benefit from more precise and quantifiable approach to what the Japan Airlines want to become. For instance, their vision statement may be â€Å"to become the world leading company in terms of safety† or â€Å"#1 Airline in the flights within Asian region†. The mission statement of the JAL Group is as follows: â€Å"Proud to be the largest domestic network in the industry, we bring peoples, their cultures and their hearts closer together, contributing to peace and prosperity in Japan and beyond. All this is predicated on a relentless commitment to flight safety. We strive to become a world-class air transportation group, one that is consistently chosen by our customers, and maximizes corporate value in pursuit of our fundamental policy of sharing the value we create with all our stakeholders. The JAL Group now is spreading new wings of trust, preparing for a renewed push forward† (Annual Report 2005, retrieved April 12, 2006). Overall, the mission statement of the Japan Airline Group can be assessed very positively. It reflects the company’s philosophy and its self-concept, clearly indicates what products and markets the company offers, how it sees its role in the society and what are the factors contributing to its success and growth.

Integrated Marketing Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Integrated Marketing Communications - Essay Example These marketing mixes will adopt and modify the product, the price, the place, packaging, the people and the promotional elements in to a combined mixture that will best suit the needs and desired of the consumers in each targeted segment. To ensure that consumer choose the company’s product from available alternatives, the first step it to gain a position in the consumer’s mind. This position in the mind of the consumer should be a favorable image of the product that would influence the consumer choice. Therefore positioning becomes a critical aspect of the strategic marketing process. Effective positioning can be achieved through conveyance of the desired image of the product to the consumer through an effective promotional mix. Branding is the key vehicle that would carry the elements of the promotional mix to the mind of the consumer and mediums of promotions should be treated as the roads through which this brand â€Å"vehicle† can travel to reach the â€Å"destination† that is the mind of the consumer. Successful branding and positioning depends on how the company link all aspects of marketing communications to convey the same desired image. In today’s market, consumers are becoming more and more sophisticated in terms of their needs. With the diversity of the global consumer as well as the global suppliers, the markets become more and more complex where the organizations need to identify the specific customer groups, which is to be focused upon to maximize both efficiency and effectiveness. It is of utmost importance that a firm use its segmentation and targeting process to drive the positioning strategy so that there is a cohesive and integrated approach to the total marketing strategy. However in the process of targeting a consumer group with specific product or service solutions to meet their needs, the organizations should

Filmmaking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words - 1

Filmmaking - Essay Example I got to learn that the reflected-light meter does not always measure the light accurately because of the difference in reflectance and the result we thus get is underexposed. I learned that when I attempt to take a photo of a sunset, its brightness causes the reading of the light meter to become incorrect. This leads to the generation of an underexposed photo. In the still exercise, I realized that the camera’s aperture can be set as per the individual’s will. The setting of the aperture can be played with to generate stylish and artistic images. In the exercise, I found that one thing that is incredibly important for a director is the camera’s lenses. I was also taught the function of camera lenses. Learning the functionality of lenses was very interesting. One whole lecture was based on the filming exercise. During this exercise, I used a 50mm lens to get a medium close up, but the diameter of the lens decreased the depth of field and made the character isolat ed. Then I used a 12mm lens and took the camera closer to the character. This increased the depth of field and altered the composition of the shot altogether. As a result of this exercise, I learned that different lenses can be used to produce different images, and can totally change the significance of the background in a picture. Lenses are thus of prime cinematographic value. Lenses play a big role in making the photography adorable and the director can use them according to his/her style. Although I have learned quite a lot from the exercise, yet I have not sufficiently practiced what I have learned. Before directing the movie in the first term, I had a clear idea of what lenses to use when and I had also written some notes regarding use of lenses for different kinds of shots.  

Oil Discovery and its effect on democratic growth in Ghana Essay

Oil Discovery and its effect on democratic growth in Ghana - Essay Example Over the last decade, oil explorations in the Atlantic Ocean off to the coast of Western and Southern Africa have ushered the region of Sub-Saharan Africa into an oil boom. There was a rapid incursion of multinational oil companies from around the world seeking to exploit these untouched oil reserves (Jerome 9). This oil boom has given Sub-Saharan countries such as Nigeria, Angola and Sudan great opportunity to turn their situations upside down and steer their country towards a better future. However, in the midst of this great opportunity rest numerous pathologies such as high level of corruption, high risks of civil war, low prevalence of democracy, high poverty rates and poor economic growth (Jerome 9). Thus, the ensuing years of the oil boom was marked by a drastic realization for these countries. When Ghana gained its independence in 1957 from the British, it had one of the strongest economies in Africa. However, years after it gained its independence, numerous domestic problems have caused the economy to drop and further decline till the year 1980. For more than 15 years, Ghana was able to slowly recover through economic reforms and Ghana is now considered as one of the Africa’s brightest prospects. However, what made Ghana attain such status quo is the recent oil discovery in offshore Tan/West Cape three Points Basin in the Western Region of Ghana. Oil companies who led the explorations were Kosmos Energy of US and Tullow Oil of UK under the supervision of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation (GNPC). In an instant, Ghana joined the ranks of its fellow African countries who are also producing oil and it is also expected that for the next two decades, billions of pounds and dollars are expected to pour in Ghana (Lerrick 7). Unfortunately, the excitement did not last long for the people. Once the jubilation was over, people begin to wonder whether it is really oil that their economy needs in order to achieve its goal. Ghanaian

Canadian Electoral System Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Canadian Electoral System - Term Paper Example Even then, they were expected to have certain qualifications. Elections, back then, were held at different times of the year. Unlike now, secret ballot was not a system that was used by the Canadians. However, as times moved on, the right for every adult man and woman to vote was given. As this happened, the people became less tolerant of the previous system. They advocated for reforms in the electoral system. This is so that the process of voting in political institutions in the land could be free, and fair. These reforms became paramount so that the system could find support from the public, thus acquiring legitimacy. This paper will review some of the ways in which the electoral system in Canada operates, and the nature of their system. The extraordinary complexity of the electoral system requires that it should be fine- tuned to suit the immediate environment at all times. Canada’s federal nature shows of the country’s electoral law as much as it does the political life that exists in the country (Dyck 2011, 45).2 This is so that every individual will get to understand their fundamental right to vote, and elect into office their preferred choice of authority. The different systems present in Canada allow the people to vote in candidates in their own provinces. However, for the federal parliament, there exists only one electoral system. This ensures that there is uniformity during the general election process. The Canada Elections Act contains all the election laws that are present in Canada. The publishing of such information ensures that everyone gets to understand the laws that govern elections. The consequences of committing an election offense can also be found there. There are other documents that have this kind of information displayed to the people (Farrell 2006, 62).3 These include; Electoral Boundaries Readjustment Act, the Criminal Code, the Income Tax Act among others. Although laws in Canada continue to be passed by politicians, th e electoral system is governed by a neutral party. It consists of an unbiased, independent group of individuals. This is the most recent development that the Canadian electoral system has undergone since the inception of law. As adult men and women were allowed to vote, it became imperative that the organizational procedure be removed from political control. The neutral party was not expected to be close to the government (Farrell 2006, 67).4 These were the expectations of the public with the introduction of neutral parties to run the organizational procedures. Laws must keep on changing and evolving to accommodate the current trends that need to be met. Also, the public should be able to see the changes, and the positive effect they may have on them. In 1920, the Dominion Elections Act, advocated for the creation of a position in the election system. This position was for the Chief Electoral Officer. The position entailed the party’s involvement to be the main supervisor of the elections. Also, they were supposed to map out the general direction of the elections (Farrell 2006, 73).5 The office, which is also known as Elections Canada, was mandated to enforce fairness and impartiality when it came to the elections. In Canada, the general elections for federal government are held after four years. However, in the case where there is a minority government, the elections can be called at any time. A minority governmen